[496] Stalin exploited Nazi anti-Semitism, and in April 1942 he sponsored the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC) to garner Jewish and foreign support for the Soviet war effort. [818] His Volynskoe suburb had a 20-hectare (50-acre) park, with Stalin devoting much attention to its agricultural activities. This attack proved unsuccessful. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [126] After two months, Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Saint Petersburg. [457] Stalin saw this as an opportunity both for territorial expansion and temporary peace with Germany. [221] Although Stalin did not share Lenin's belief that Europe's proletariat were on the verge of revolution, he acknowledged that as long as it stood alone, Soviet Russia remained vulnerable. The couple had a son, Iosif, in 1945, but Svetlana did not want to become a housewife: she subsequently had 3 abortions and divorced Morozov 2 years later. [377] Social unrest, previously restricted largely to the countryside, was increasingly evident in urban areas, prompting Stalin to ease on some of his economic policies in 1932. [883] According to Kotkin, Stalin "built a personal dictatorship within the Bolshevik dictatorship. [272] Embarrassed by its contents, Stalin offered his resignation as General Secretary; this act of humility saved him and he was retained in the position. Some weeks after the controversy, the Patriarchate of Moscow forced Zhakov to remove the icon of Stalin from his parish. Caucasus as Stalin's 'henchman' or 'sidekick' seems dubious, given the number of times that the party leadership appears to have been taken by surprise by the former's actions. [465] International opinion backed Finland, with the Soviets being expelled from the League of Nations. [618] Across Eastern Europe, the Soviet model was enforced, with a termination of political pluralism, agricultural collectivisation, and investment in heavy industry. What title was stalin given n 1922? [556] Still, Stalin foresaw the undesirability of a nuclear conflict, saying in 1949 that "atomic weapons can hardly be used without spelling the end of the world. [770] Montefiore suggested that this charm was "the foundation of Stalin's power in the Party". [243] Stalin opposed the idea of separate Georgian, Armenian, and Azeri autonomous republics, arguing that these would likely oppress ethnic minorities within their respective territories; instead he called for a Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. "[935][936] In early 2010, a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. [591] In August 1949, the bomb was successfully tested in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. Malenkov denounced the Stalin personality cult,[911] which was subsequently criticised in Pravda. [623], At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States divided up the Korean Peninsula, formerly a Japanese colonial possession, along the 38th parallel, setting up a communist government in the north and a pro-Western, anti-communist government in the south. [467] In June 1940, the Red Army occupied the Baltic states, which were forcibly merged into the Soviet Union in August;[468] they also invaded and annexed Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, parts of Romania. [233] Stalin felt humiliated and under-appreciated; on 17 August, he demanded demission from the military, which was granted on 1 September. [180] Stalin backed Lenin's decision not to form a coalition with the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionary Party, although they did form a coalition government with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. 1922. Many of Lenin's former lieutenants realized that Stalin was making himself a de-facto dictator. He was the first fascist leader in Europe, and a model for later leaders such as Hitler and Franco. "[590] He personally took a keen interest in the development of the weapon. [797], Keenly interested in the arts,[798] Stalin admired artistic talent. [312] Many Communists, including in Komsomol, OGPU, and the Red Army, were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market-oriented approach;[313] they had concerns about those who profited from the policy: affluent peasants known as "kulaks" and small business owners or "Nepmen". [394], In 193536, Stalin oversaw a new constitution; its dramatic liberal features were designed as propaganda weapons, for all power rested in the hands of Stalin and his Politburo. [738][739] His mustached face was pock-marked from smallpox during childhood; this was airbrushed from published photographs. [542] Many Soviet soldiers engaged in looting, pillaging, and rape, both in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe. [366] He personally met with a range of Western visitors, including George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells, both of whom were impressed with him. [204] To secure access to the dwindling food supply, in May 1918 Sovnarkom sent Stalin to Tsaritsyn to take charge of food procurement in southern Russia. [716] In his work, he stated that "the right of secession" should be offered to the ethnic-minorities of the Russian Empire, but that they should not be encouraged to take that option. [626] Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue. Continuation of the notes. [717] He was of the view that if they became fully autonomous, then they would end up being controlled by the most reactionary elements of their community; as an example he cited the largely illiterate Tatars, whom he claimed would end up dominated by their mullahs. [190] Unlike senior Bolsheviks like Kamenev and Nikolai Bukharin, Stalin never expressed concern about the rapid growth and expansion of the Cheka and Red Terror. 6 December] 1878 [1] - 5 March 1953) was a revolutionary in the Russian Empire and political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He was one of the most famous leaders of the Soviet Union and an important figure in the Communist Party. [474] To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Japan. [463] The two states continued trading, undermining the British blockade of Germany. [395] In 1938, The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), colloquially known as the Short Course, was released;[396] biographer Robert Conquest later referred to it as the "central text of Stalinism". [247], After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia, largely in opposition to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project; as an antidote, Lenin introduced market-oriented reforms: the New Economic Policy (NEP). [559] At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as "the outstanding nation" and "leading force" within the Soviet Union, the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities. [833] Stalin was sociable and enjoyed a joke. He was captured by the German Army and then committed suicide. [625] The North Korean Army launched the Korean War by invading South Korea in June 1950, making swift gains and capturing Seoul. [586], In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British Empire declined, leaving the U.S. and USSR as the dominant world powers. Joseph Stalin started his career as a student radical, becoming an influential member and eventually the leader of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.He served as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953.. Joseph Stalin born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili began his political . [148] In the hamlet, Stalin had a relationship with Lidia Pereprygina, who was fourteen at the time but within the legal age of consent in Tsarist Russia. In 1922 he was appointed general secretary of the Bolshevik party with the help of Lenin. The Communist International: Organ of the E.C.C.I. [522] Churchill flew to Moscow to visit Stalin in August 1942 and again in October 1944. [748], As leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin typically awoke around 11am,[749] with lunch being served between 3 and 5pm and dinner no earlier than 9pm;[750] he then worked late into the evening. Wiki User. [337], Officially, the Soviet Union had replaced the "irrationality" and "wastefulness" of a market economy with a planned economy organised along a long-term, precise, and scientific framework; in reality, Soviet economics were based on ad hoc commandments issued from the centre, often to make short-term targets. [612] Stalin ordered several assassination attempts on Tito's life and contemplated invading Yugoslavia. [325] Stalin barred kulaks from joining these collectives. During the Great Terror, Stalin's secret police, the NKVD, rounded up more than 150,000 during its Polish Operation in 1937-38, 110,000 of whom were shot dead. Joseph Stalin Russian full name Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (Georgian) Ioseb Dzhugashvili (born December 18 December 6, 1878 old-style Gori Georgia Russian Empire see researcher's note - died March 5, 1953 Moscow Russia USSR) General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Union (1922 . He was a true believer". [256] Lenin twice asked Stalin to procure poison so that he could commit suicide, but Stalin never did so. [766] According to historian Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin wasn't a psychopath. [823] After Stalin's death, Khrushchev claimed that Stalin encouraged him to incite anti-Semitism in Ukraine, allegedly telling him that "the good workers at the factory should be given clubs so they can beat the hell out of those Jews. [270] To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist, Stalin gave nine lectures at Sverdlov University on the "Foundations of Leninism", later published in book form. Stalin presided over the Soviet post-war reconstruction and its development of an atomic bomb in 1949. [760] In 1934, his new Kuntsevo Dacha was built; 9km from the Kremlin, it became his primary residence. After his death in 1924, there was considerable struggle within the Politburo of the Communist Party before Josef Stalin emerged as the top leader. [552] At the conference, Stalin repeated previous promises to Churchill that he would refrain from a "Sovietization" of Eastern Europe. [449], As a MarxistLeninist, Stalin considered conflict between competing capitalist powers inevitable; after Nazi Germany annexed Austria and then part of Czechoslovakia in 1938, he recognised a war was looming. The house where Joseph Stalin was born and where a young Joseph Stalin lived. [477] Despite intelligence agencies repeatedly warning him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. [230] Lenin believed that the Polish proletariat would rise up to support the Russians against Jzef Pisudski's Polish government. [369] At its 6th Congress in July 1928, Stalin informed delegates that the main threat to socialism came not from the right but from non-Marxist socialists and social democrats, whom he called "social fascists";[370] Stalin recognised that in many countries, the social democrats were the Marxist-Leninists' main rivals for working-class support. [471], The speed of the German victory over and occupation of France in mid-1940 took Stalin by surprise. Stalin died a few months before the armistice was signed on July 27, 1953. [496] During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. What title was stalin given n 1922? [327] By 1932, about 62% of households involved in agriculture were part of collectives, and by 1936 this had risen to 90%. In the testament, Lenin proposed changes to the structure of the Soviet governing bodies. [281], In the wake of Lenin's death, various protagonists emerged in the struggle to become his successor: alongside Stalin was Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Alexei Rykov, and Mikhail Tomsky. [872] Stalin's necessity for Soviet Union's economic development has been questioned, and it has been argued that Stalin's policies from 1928 onwards may have only been a limiting factor. [101] In November 1907, his wife died of typhus,[102] and he left his son with her family in Tiflis. [575], Stalin's health was deteriorating, and heart problems forced a two-month vacation in the latter part of 1945. [639] In September 1952, several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the Doctors' Plot; the majority of the accused were Jewish. February: The Soviet government replaces the CHEKA with a new security agency, . [861] Montefiore also claimed that Stalin had at least two illegitimate children,[862] although he never recognised them as being his. [136], Stalin's article Marxism and the National Question[137] was first published in the March, April, and May 1913 issues of the Bolshevik journal Prosveshcheniye;[138] Lenin was pleased with it. For this reason, he retained the Leninist view that world revolution was still a necessity to ensure the ultimate victory of socialism. [298] Some of those United Opposition members who were repentant were later rehabilitated and returned to government. In this he recalled the 1825 Decembrist Revolt by Russian soldiers returning from having defeated France in the Napoleonic Wars. [453] Between 1940 and 1941 he also purged the military, leaving it with a severe shortage of trained officers when war broke out. [612], In October 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong took power in China. [545] Stalin refused to punish the offenders. [318] Bukharin and several other Central Committee members were angry that they had not been consulted about this measure, which they deemed rash. "[886] McDermott stated that Stalin had "concentrated unprecedented political authority in his hands. [326] Although officially voluntary, many peasants joined the collectives out of fear they would face the fate of the kulaks; others joined amid intimidation and violence from party loyalists. Instead, the KMT repressed the Communists and a civil war broke out between the two sides.[308]. [350] From 1929 to 1930, further show trials were held to intimidate opposition:[351] these included the Industrial Party Trial, Menshevik Trial, and Metro-Vickers Trial. Stalin is often compared to Adolf Hitler, who killed some 6 million Jews in the Holocaust.In the Ottoman Empire in the early part of the 1900s, leaders carried out the near-genocide of millions of Armenians. [105] They also kidnapped the children of several wealthy figures to extract ransom money. [55] He found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes. [276] Stalin had much contact with young party functionaries,[277] and the desire for promotion led many provincial figures to seek to impress Stalin and gain his favour. [128] Stalin returned to Saint Petersburg, where he continued editing and writing articles for Pravda. [577] He demoted Molotov,[578] and increasingly favoured Beria and Malenkov for key positions. And perhaps, Stalin considered them deserved, but received an incommensurably high price. [736] Throughout his life, he used various nicknames and pseudonyms, including "Koba", "Soselo", and "Ivanov",[737] adopting "Stalin" in 1912; it was based on the Russian word for "steel" and has often been translated as "Man of Steel". What was Eratosthenes's nickname? [106] In early 1908, he travelled to the Swiss city of Geneva to meet with Lenin and the prominent Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, although the latter exasperated him. [929][930] At the same time, there was a growth in pro-Stalinist literature in Russia, much relying upon the misrepresentation or fabrication of source material. As the head of the Soviet Union from 1928-1953, Stalin used ruthless tactics to gain ultimate power and total control . [608] Stalin did not personally attend the meeting, sending Zhdanov in his place. [74] Georgia was particularly affected. [127] A 1940 poster by Nikolai Zhukov (Fig. [934], Some positive sentiment can also be found elsewhere in the former Soviet Union. "[730], Stalin had a soft voice,[731] and when speaking Russian did so slowly, carefully choosing his phrasing. WW2 and its aftermath allowed Stalin to establish himself as a leader . However soon after Lenin suffered . In Stalin's 1950 letter explaining his support for the North Korean invasion, the Soviet dictator was confident that . It contained guideline proposals for changes in the Soviet political system and concise portrait assessments of six party leaders (Joseph Stalin, Leon Trotsky, Grigory Y . [718] According to Khlevniuk, Stalin reconciled Marxism with great-power imperialism and therefore expansion of the empire makes him a worthy to the Russian tsars. [262] Lenin accused Stalin of "Great Russian chauvinism"; Stalin accused Lenin of "national liberalism". [330] Famine broke out in many areas,[331] with the Politburo frequently ordering distribution of emergency food relief to these regions. [647] [154], While Stalin was in exile, Russia entered the First World War, and in October 1916 Stalin and other exiled Bolsheviks were conscripted into the Russian Army, leaving for Monastyrskoe. [792] By the 1920s, he was also suspicious and conspiratorial, prone to believing that people were plotting against him and that there were vast international conspiracies behind acts of dissent. [551], Stalin attended the Potsdam Conference in JulyAugust 1945, alongside his new British and U.S. counterparts, Prime Minister Clement Attlee and President Harry Truman. Received titles . [235] Trotsky claimed that Stalin sabotaged the campaign by disobeying troop transfer orders. Lenin's Testament is a document dictated by Vladimir Lenin in late 1922 and early 1923. [383] The worst affected areas were Ukraine and the North Caucasus, although the famine also affected Kazakhstan and several Russian provinces. [143], In adulthood, Stalin measured 1.70m (5feet 7inches). [8] He was their only child to survive past infancy. What did Benito Juarez do with England and Spain? In 1928 Stalin abandoned Lenin's quasi-capitalist New Economic Policy in favour of headlong state-organized industrialization under a succession of five-year plans. [189] He strongly supported Lenin's formation of the Cheka security service and the subsequent Red Terror that it initiated; noting that state violence had proved an effective tool for capitalist powers, he believed that it would prove the same for the Soviet government. Mussolini was the first child of the local blacksmith. [76] He publicly lambasted the "pogroms against Jews and Armenians" as being part of Tsar Nicholas II's attempts to "buttress his despicable throne". [295] The factionalist arguments continued, with Stalin threatening to resign in October and then December 1926 and again in December 1927. [89] Lenin and Stalin disagreed with this decision[90] and later privately discussed how they could continue the robberies for the Bolshevik cause. During a brief period back in Tiflis, Stalin and the Outfit planned the ambush of a mail coach, during which most of the group although not Stalin were apprehended by the authorities. For other uses, see. Oleg Khlevniuk's recent biography suggests that Ordzhonikidze was far from viewing himself as Stalin's creature, and indeed that in 1923 Ordzhonikidze had sided [266] Some historians have questioned whether Lenin ever produced these, suggesting instead that they may have been written by Krupskaya, who had personal differences with Stalin;[254] Stalin, however, never publicly voiced concerns about their authenticity. The existing government of landlords and capitalists must be replaced by a new government, a government of workers and peasants.The existing pseudo-government which was not elected by the people and which is not accountable to the people must be replaced by a government recognised by the people, elected by representatives of the workers, soldiers and peasants and held accountable to their representatives. [553] Stalin pushed for reparations from Germany without regard to the base minimum supply for German citizens' survival, which worried Truman and Churchill who thought that Germany would become a financial burden for Western powers. Some of the photos may be from earlier dates, but it is believed that this photo of Stalin was taken in 1893. Lenin recommended that he be removed from the position of General Secretary in January 1923. [176] Trotsky and other later Bolshevik opponents of Stalin used this as evidence that his role in the coup had been insignificant, although later historians reject this. [418] Stalin issued a decree establishing NKVD troikas which could mete out rulings without involving the courts. "[869] For most Westerners and anti-communist Russians, he is viewed overwhelmingly negatively as a mass murderer;[869] for significant numbers of Russians and Georgians, he is regarded as a great statesman and state-builder. [720] Montefiore thought Stalin's brutality marked him out as a "natural extremist";[795] Service suggested he had tendencies toward a paranoid and sociopathic personality disorder. [251] For Lenin, it was advantageous to have a key ally in this crucial post.[252]. [509] This resulted in the protracted Battle of Stalingrad. [218] The Polish-Soviet War ended on 18 March 1921, when a peace treaty was signed in Riga. III. [910], Shortly after his death, the Soviet Union went through a period of de-Stalinization. [630] He was further angered by Israel's growing alliance with the U.S.[631] After Stalin fell out with Israel, he launched an anti-Jewish campaign within the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. [45] He had a light workload and therefore had plenty of time for revolutionary activity. This was, in effect, a new Russian revolution more devastating in its effects than those of 1917. 2.9). [602] In 1949, celebrations took place to mark Stalin's seventieth birthday (although he was 71 at the time,) at which Stalin attended an event in the Bolshoi Theatre alongside MarxistLeninist leaders from across Europe and Asia. [383] Government policiesincluding the focus on rapid industrialisation, the socialisation of livestock, and the emphasis on sown areas over crop rotationexacerbated the problem;[388] the state had also failed to build reserve grain stocks for such an emergency. [565] He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through "filtration" camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. [561] In 1947, it brought out a second edition of his official biography, which eulogised him to a greater extent than its predecessor. Leon Trotsky was a significant figure in Marxist theory and politics and a crucial figure in the Russian Revolution. [506] That year, Hitler shifted his primary goal from an overall victory on the Eastern Front, to the goal of securing the oil fields in the southern Soviet Union crucial to a long-term German war effort. [119] Lenin believed that Stalin, as a Georgian, would help secure support for the Bolsheviks from the empire's minority ethnicities. [696] In his book, Foundations of Leninism, he stated that "Leninism is the Marxism of the epoch of imperialism and of the proletarian revolution". [826] Service cautioned that there was "no irrefutable evidence" of anti-Semitism in Stalin's published work, although his private statements and public actions were "undeniably reminiscent of crude antagonism towards Jews";[827] he added that throughout Stalin's lifetime, the Georgian "would be the friend, associate or leader of countless individual Jews". [549] These events led to the Japanese surrender and the war's end. [626] The U.S. went to the UN Security Councilwhich the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao's governmentand secured international military support for the South Koreans. He had filled the administration of the Party with people who were loyal to him. [342], Many of major construction projects, including the White Sea-Baltic Canal and the Moscow Metro, were constructed largely through forced labour. [224] In February 1920, he was appointed to head the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate;[225] that same month he was also transferred to the Caucasian Front. [402] Stalin admired Hitler, particularly his manoeuvres to remove rivals within the Nazi Party in the Night of the Long Knives. : an American History (Eric Foner) Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall) . [499] They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. [810] He liked the Western genre,[811] although his favourite films were Volga Volga and Circus (both directed by Grigori Alexandrov and starring Lyubov Orlova). [39] Stalin devoted himself to Marx's socio-political theory, Marxism,[40] which was then on the rise in Georgia, one of various forms of socialism opposed to the empire's governing tsarist authorities. [147] In March 1914, concerned over a potential escape attempt, the authorities moved Stalin to the hamlet of Kureika on the edge of the Arctic Circle. "[842] Stalin married twice and had several children. [118] Still in Vologda, Stalin agreed, remaining a Central Committee member for the rest of his life. [720], Ethnically Georgian,[721] Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language,[722] and did not begin learning Russian until the age of eight or nine. December 23, 1922. [257] Despite this comradeship, Lenin disliked what he referred to as Stalin's "Asiatic" manner and told his sister Maria that Stalin was "not intelligent". [19] Although he got into many fights,[20] Stalin excelled academically,[21] displaying talent in painting and drama classes,[22] writing his own poetry,[23] and singing as a choirboy. Despite calls of "some Russians" to "beatify" Stalin, the Russian Orthodox Church has stood its ground in refusing to do so. [597][598] He sent Molotov as his representative to San Francisco to take part in negotiations to form the United Nations, insisting that the Soviets have a place on the Security Council. [166] After the demonstration was suppressed, the Provisional Government initiated a crackdown on the Bolsheviks, raiding Pravda. [922] In recent years, the government and general public of Russia has been accused of rehabilitating Stalin. 4. . Stalin and a fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was initially opposed by Kamenev and other party members. (The Granat compilation lists 91 . What title did Stalin receive in 1922? [412], Stalin often gave conflicting signals regarding state repression. [600], In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of Falsifiers of History, published as a series of Pravda articles in February 1948 and then in book form. [226], Following earlier clashes between Polish and Russian troops, the PolishSoviet War broke out in early 1920, with the Poles invading Ukraine and taking Kiev on 7 May. [112] There he had affairs with at least two women; his landlady, Maria Kuzakova, later gave birth to his second son, Konstantin. [710] Following Lenin's death, Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party, namely by developing the idea of "Socialism in One Country". [77] Stalin formed a Bolshevik Battle Squad which he used to try to keep Baku's warring ethnic factions apart; he also used the unrest as a cover for stealing printing equipment. The first Five Year Plan had seen: An increase in the production of raw materials, iron, steel etc. [870] Service suggested that the country might have collapsed long before 1991 without Stalin. [755] His choice of favoured holiday house changed over the years,[756] although he holidayed in southern parts of the USSR every year from 1925 to 1936 and again from 1945 to 1951. Joseph Stalin (pictured by himself in image #3 below) was one of the most infamous totalitarian dictators of the 20th century. One of the most powerful nations in the world between 1920 and 1990. [550] Soviet forces continued to expand until they occupied all their territorial concessions, but the U.S. rebuffed Stalin's desire for the Red Army to take a role in the Allied occupation of Japan. [263] A compromise was reached, in which the federation would be renamed the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" (USSR). [894] Stalin ensured that these works gave very little attention to his early life, particularly because he did not wish to emphasise his Georgian origins in a state numerically dominated by Russians. [690] He also believed that this proletarian state would need to introduce repressive measures against foreign and domestic "enemies" to ensure the full crushing of the propertied classes,[691] and thus the class war would intensify with the advance of socialism. Chauvinism '' ; Stalin accused Lenin of `` Great Russian chauvinism '' ; Stalin accused Lenin of Great. 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