%".{l1AbL}9mmHY2[,ArDxPGW7]6vF x H"~,.fi)|$a WWHZ40\qe,\Aawj)g):\6 Gwe;sH- bV Trade with the rest of the Islamic world, especially Persia and through Persia to Europe, was encouraged. [80] According to Williamson, the decline of the Mughal Empire led to a decline in agricultural productivity, which drove up food prices, then nominal wages, and then textile prices, which led to India losing a share of the world textile market to Britain even before it had superior factory technology. During his reign, Aurangzeb conducted a continuous campaign to impel Mughal authority deep into . But Birbal said, The cotton boll. The last Mughal emperor, Bahdur Shah II (183757), was exiled by the British after his involvement with the Indian Mutiny of 185758. Document 3. The Culture and Politics of Persian in Precolonial Hindustan", "14. stream [174][175], Mughal India was one of the three Islamic gunpowder empires, along with the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia. The finance/revenue ministry was responsible for controlling revenues from the empire's territories, calculating tax revenues, and using this information to distribute assignments. Later, the Mysorean rockets were upgraded versions of Mughal rockets used during the Siege of Jinji by the progeny of the Nawab of Arcot. The Mughal (or Mogul) Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries. Spend the 15-minute reading period analyzing the documents themselves, thinking for each document about its authorship/historical situation, main idea, and why it was written. [129] The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion of the spinning wheel across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. Meanwhile, some regional polities within the increasingly fragmented Mughal Empire, involved themselves and the state in global conflicts, leading only to defeat and loss of territory during the Carnatic Wars and the Bengal War. The Mughals expanded cultivated land in the Bengal delta under the leadership of Sufis, which consolidated the foundation of Bengali Muslim society. [123], Up until 1750, India produced about 25% of the world's industrial output. Another ministry was dedicated to the imperial household and public works. http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RH/9-10, http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RH/11-12, follows New York State social studies testing required format. Indeed, in Document 5 a governor of the East India Company affirms that British control happened through fortunate and unforeseen occurrences rather than a fixed plan. He also confirms the power of economics in gaining political control, praising the economic policies of the British and celebrating the destroyed economic policies of the natives. Eventually, the British government would take over the East India Companys holdings and rule India as a colony. For example, a sarkar could turn into a subah, and parganas were often transferred between sarkars. 11 0 obj Overall, the empire-building processes of conquest, colonization, and economic influence allowed empire-builders to exert power over territories. <>>> 5 0 obj His letter could be part of a calculated approach to get help restoring his political power by appealing to the Europeans attitude of superiority. The last Mughal Emperor was deposed by the British in 1858. Aurangzeb's extremism caused Mughal territory and creativity to dry up and the Empire went into decline. % The Europeans regarded Bengal as the richest place for trade. endobj [67][68], During the reign of Muhammad Shah (reigned 17191748), the empire began to break up, and vast tracts of central India passed from Mughal to Maratha hands. However, the dispensation of justice also depended on other factors, such as administrative rules, local customs, and political convenience. [citation needed] But, according to Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, the Mughal Emperor continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. The Persian and Arabic language mixed with hindi grammar, thus the development of, The introduction of sophisticated Iranian-style waterworks and horticulture through, Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah in Farrukhnagar, India. %PDF-1.3 [127] Indian textiles dominated the Indian Ocean trade for centuries, were sold in the Atlantic Ocean trade, and had a 38% share of the West African trade in the early 18th century, while Indian calicos were a major force in Europe, and Indian textiles accounted for 20% of total English trade with Southern Europe in the early 18th century. Centralised government that brought together many smaller kingdoms, Delegated government with respect for human rights, Persian language mixed with Arabic and Hindi to create Urdu, A style of architecture (e.g. [126] By the early 18th century, Mughal Indian textiles were clothing people across the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Europe, the Americas, Africa, and the Middle East. In turn, this benefited the Indian textile industry. [32], The Mughal designation for their own dynasty was Gurkani (Persian: , romanized:Grkniyn, lit. 3.4 Comparison in Land-Based Empires. Black, Jeremy. The ministry of the military (army/intelligence) was headed by an official titled mir bakhshi, who was in charge of military organisation, messenger service, and the mansabdari system. After a crushing defeat in the war of 18571858 which he nominally led, the last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British East India Company and exiled in 1858. The preoccupation with wars and military campaigns, however, did not allow the new emperor to consolidate the gains he had made in India. Read more. . Akbar's government machine included many Hindus in positions of responsibility - the governed were allowed to take a major part in the governing. He died near Lahore in December 1530. The Indian war rockets were formidable weapons before such rockets were used in Europe. This resource includes a ready-to-use interactive activity students can complete on any device. The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. Directions: The aim is based on the accompanying documents. [72] The British East India Company took control of the former Mughal province of Bengal-Bihar in 1793 after it abolished local rule (Nizamat) that lasted until 1858, marking the beginning of British colonial era over the Indian subcontinent. This compendium of Hanafi law sought to serve as a central reference for the Mughal state that dealt with the specifics of the South Asian context. The use of mines and counter-mines with explosive charges of gunpowder is mentioned for the times of Akbar and Jahangir. hb```" @10`fl`f`Ppsbf .9O+ SY !3;Hp Akbar believed that all religions should be tolerated, and that a ruler's duty was to treat all believers equally, whatever their belief. A later Muslim invasion in 1398 devastated the city of Delhi. endobj He rapidly lost the empire. A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture", "14. [164] Mughal emperors often took in Iranian bookbinders, illustrators, painters and calligraphers from the Safavid court due to the commonalities of their Timurid styles, and due to the Mughal affinity for Iranian art and calligraphy. Hyder Ali realised the importance of rockets and introduced advanced versions of metal cylinder rockets. [62]:68 Aurangzeb oversaw an increase in the Islamicization of the Mughal state. 18 0 obj [144] A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people,[144] with larger cities including Agra (in Agra Subah) with up to 800,000 people, Lahore (in Lahore Subah) with up to 700,000 people,[149] Dhaka (in Bengal Subah) with over 1 million people,[150][full citation needed] and Delhi (in Delhi Subah) with over 600,000 people. [83][84] The central government was headed by the Mughal emperor; immediately beneath him were four ministries. M (,5655V63|PE:x_BxTZBri ar@+t3%h't?CYjdG(/&GHv#D 2xJ``}@$dEiC5}1"}ON!022J2j,1}CQjcw2JX&L-LfZJJ%J(K (7X/Fp0)5f`r!=1+*u]L!B6*,4v*{690d:(4.Dzbq5 QH!Bd\ [92], The Mughal economy was large and prosperous. 4, pp. Practice sourcing with HIPP acronym using documents from the 2019 DBQ and write body paragraphs with a pair of documents to include sourcing (identifying point of view, purpose, historical situation, . [81] The most important centre of cotton production was the Bengal province, particularly around its capital city of Dhaka. [167] Aurangzeb (16581707) was never an enthusiastic patron of painting, largely for religious reasons, and took a turn away from the pomp and ceremonial of the court around 1668, after which he probably commissioned no more paintings. The Mughal dynasty was notable for its more than two centuries of effective . <> Studies 26 (2011): 97. [64] He expanded the empire to include almost the whole of South Asia,[62]:1 but at his death in 1707, "many parts of the empire were in open revolt". In locations such as India, empire-building involved a more complex interplay of economics with the pre-existing political structures, though the Europeans were still able to eventually gain control. A 17th century celestial globe was also made by Diya ad-din Muhammad in Lahore, 1668 (now in Pakistan). These included the al-Hidayah (the best guidance) and the Fatawa al-Tatarkhaniyya (religious decisions of the Emire Tatarkhan). Student Analysis Document 5 Source: Dr. Franois ernier, French traveler and foreign employee of the Mughal emperor, who also lived for years in Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, and India, from his book about his experiences, - . <> 3 0 obj Many of the empire's elites now sought to control their own affairs, and broke away to form independent kingdoms. [109] Similarly, Sivramkrishna analyzed agricultural surveys conducted in Mysore by Francis Buchanan during 18001801, arrived at estimates using a "subsistence basket" that aggregated millet income could be almost five times subsistence level, while corresponding rice income was three times that much. It began to be used as a literary language in the Mughal court from the reign of Shah Alam II, who described it as the language of his dastans,[173] and replaced Persian as the language of the Muslim elite. Hinduism is a polytheistic religion that believes in a cycle of reincarnation and the ultimate goal of achieving moksha, or spiritual liberation. The Emperor proclaimed an entirely new state religion of 'God-ism' (Din-i-ilahi) - a jumble of Islamic, Hindu, Christian and Buddhist teaching with himself as deity. The Mughal (or Mogul) Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and . A Marxist school (led by Irfan Habib and based at Aligarh Muslim University) emphasises excessive exploitation of the peasantry by the rich, which stripped away the will and the means to support the regime. endobj But in the same time, changing have the ability to be to the worst or for the best. [95], The jagirdar (local tax collector) was another kind of official approached, especially for high-stakes cases. Although the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires had strong bureaucratisms and economic prosperity, they besides had absolute swayers who denied their citizens . Partner Solutions Political and religious climates of the Muslim Empires in 1450-1750 were tense, however religious tolerance can be seen in the Mughal and Ottoman Empires. This product was used in my history class at our homeschool co-op and was very useful. The sources include one 19th century article from the New York Times and one illustration, and each document is followed by at least one constructed response question and a summary essay . 481 words. [138] By the late 18th century, the British displaced the Mughal ruling class in Bengal. [125] Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the Americas to Japan. Persian language in the Indian subcontinent, History of gunpowder: India and the Mughal Empire, History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent, Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah, "Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals", "EastWest Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States", "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia", "BBC - Religions - Sikhism: Origins of Sikhism", "Precolonial Ethnic Violence:The Case of Hindu-Muslim Conflict in India", "The 'Great Firm' Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire", "India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries", The Rise, Organization, and Institutional Framework of Factor Markets, "The Disjointed Spaces of Precolonial Territorial Divisions", "Reflections on Religious Difference and Permissive Inclusion in Mughal Law", India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries, "The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India", "The Early Modern Great Divergence: Wages, Prices and Economic Development in Europe and Asia 15001800", "Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 180001: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence", "The World of Labour in Mughal India (c. 15001750)", "Technological Dynamism in a Stagnant Sector: Safety at Sea during the Early Industrial Revolution", "Bengali New Year: how Akbar invented the modern Bengali calendar", The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, "Indian GDP before 1870: Some preliminary estimates and a comparison with Britain", "Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (14501650)", "2. Primary Source + Lesson Plan + DBQ Bhakti Poets . <>/PageLabels 262 0 R>> [90], After Aurangzeb, the Mughal capital definitively became the walled city of Shahjahanabad (today Old Delhi). [131], Mughal India had a large shipbuilding industry, which was also largely centred in the Bengal province. Document 2 references the Mexica peoples violent devastation at the hands of the Spanish, with a hundred falling at each discharge of guns. While Cortes attributes his victory to Gods favor due to fight- ing for his faith and king, tangible factors gave him the practical advantage: horses (which were not native to the Americas), guns, the Mexicas unfamiliarity with such weapons, and the support of local allies. [9] Unit 3: . <> to see state-specific standards (only available in the US). All the images I've used are in the public domain, credited or created by myself. Best Known For: Akbar the Great, Muslim emperor . Mughal Empire. The new empire ruled over a mixture of Hindu and Muslim religions which hadn't been ruled over together since the 600s. [181], In the sixteenth century, Akbar was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder rockets known as bans, particularly against war elephants, during the Battle of Sanbal. stream This page has been archived and is no longer updated. Between 1519 and 1524when he invaded Bhera, Sialkot, and Lahorehe showed his definite intention to conquer Hindustan, where the political scene favoured his adventure. endobj The dynasty was founded by a Chagatai Turkic prince named Bbur (reigned 152630), who was descended from the Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) on his fathers side and from Chagatai, second son of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan, on his mothers side. Buddhism: This belief system originated in ancient India and was the dominant religion in several land-based empires in Asia, including the Maurya Empire (321-185 BC) and the Tibetan Empire (618-841). The Mughal Empire. <> Answer: Changez Khan (on mother's side) and Timur (on father's side) Tuzuk-i-baburi, the autobiography of Babur was written in which language? `Sc!ul The first Muslims arrived in the 8th century. [21] The base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. [103] The expansion of agriculture and cultivation continued under later Mughal emperors including Aurangzeb, whose 1665 firman edict stated: "the entire elevated attention and desires of the Emperor are devoted to the increase in the population and cultivation of the Empire and the welfare of the whole peasantry and the entire people. The Nawabs permitted European companies to set up trading posts across the region, including firms from Britain, France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Portugal and Austria. 1 0 obj That is why I say the cotton boll is the most beautiful flower. [27] There was more conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite,[28] resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture, especially during the reign of Shah Jahan. Birth date: October 15, 1542. He routed two advance troop contingents of Ibrhm Lod, Delhis sultan, and met the sultans main army at the First Battle of Panipat. Reduced subsequently to the region in and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. [76] Karen Leonard has focused on the failure of the regime to work with Hindu bankers, whose financial support was increasingly needed; the bankers then helped the Maratha and the British. During Aurangzeb's reign (1658-1707), the economy of the Mughal Empire began to decline. [97], The main base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. The cotton textile industry was responsible for a large part of the empire's international trade. Sidi Marjan was mortally wounded when a rocket struck his large gunpowder depot, and after twenty-seven days of hard fighting Bidar was captured by the Mughals. % These were the cities of Agra, Delhi, Lahore, and Fatehpur Sikri. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> What additional sources would help you answer this question? Shah Jahan extended the Mughal empire to the Deccan by ending the Nizam Shahi dynasty, and forced the Adil Shahis and Qutb Shahis to pay tribute. [97] European fashion, for example, became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks. W N S E Ottoman Empire Key 0 1000 miles Safavid Empire Mughal Empire 0 1000 kilometers Source: Peter N. Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Pearson Longman (adapted) Kandahar Damascus Jerusalem Suakin Mughal Empire PERSIA HUNGARY ANATOLIA IRAQ SYRIA Izmir Aleppo Istanbul Belgrade Ottoman Basra Empire Mecca . [98] India was producing 24.5% of the world's manufacturing output up until 1750. There was a scornful laughter and Akbar asked for an explanation. [36][37] Nevertheless, Babur's ancestors were sharply distinguished from the classical Mongols insofar as they were oriented towards Persian rather than Turco-Mongol culture. endobj Mughal And Ottoman Empire Dbq From 1450-1750 both the Mughal and Ottoman Empires established large functioning bureaucracies, with the establishment of religiously tolerant policies. be . 12 0 obj [38], Another name for the empire was Hindustan, which was documented in the Ain-i-Akbari, and which has been described as the closest to an official name for the empire. In the case of Islam and the influence of it on the other nations and era, changing is always for getting better. . Richly-finished albums (muraqqa) decorated with calligraphy and artistic scenes were mounted onto pages with decorative borders and then bound with covers of stamped and gilded or painted and lacquered leather. The province was a leading producer of grains, salt, fruits, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments. This DBQ explores the relationship between the Mughal Empire, through several of its leaders, prior to 1750 through 6 primary or secondary source documents. Jahan's son Aurangzeb was the last great Mughal Emperor. %PDF-1.5 [183], In A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, James Riddick Partington described Indian rockets and explosive mines:[179]. [147], Those estimates were criticised by Tim Dyson, who consider them exaggerations. <> [43] Babur's forces defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. Fell through abuse of peasantry, extravagance of . Akbar played a key role in establishing Bengal as a leading economic centre, as he began transforming many of the jungles there into farms. Students will learn how the Mughal Empire united and dominated the Indian Subcontinent for 300 years. In 1511 he captured Samarkand, only to realize that, with the formidable Safavid dynasty in Iran and the Uzbeks in Central Asia, he should rather turn to the southeast toward India to have an empire of his own. endobj [132], An important innovation in shipbuilding was the introduction of a flushed deck design in Bengal rice ships, resulting in hulls that were stronger and less prone to leak than the structurally weak hulls of traditional European ships built with a stepped deck design. His court included large numbers of Indian Hindus, Persian Shi'a and Sufis and members of local heterodox Islamic sects. The Taj Mahal houses the jewelled tomb of Mumtaz Mahal, much loved wife of emperor Shah Jehan . Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. <> Essay; Topics; Writing; Essays. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Aurangzeb also ordered the execution of the Sikh guru Tegh Bahadur, leading to the militarization of the Sikh community. Mughal emperors (Urdu: , Persian: , romanized: Shhanshhn-e-Hindustan) were the supreme heads of state of the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.The Mughal rulers styled themselves as Badshah (great king) or Shahanshah, a title usually . [146] By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871. Akbar succeeded to the throne at 13, and started to recapture the remaining territory lost from Babur's empire. hVY6|lI3=nu6m5HHIli: &>d`#=$pK&Ea7rp8q A/_D+=UTF 9q.Rmu2Tr9_Zn#b+a:+.g8 k.-p # |/(P.J0q&tii L4X(A:MeXs40W`\g7HadI!KXBgF*&cWyqj1#KPB'} i1 fbG(/,a-7gggi`Vw)qjO64MO`" From the late 17th century to the early 18th century, Mughal India accounted for 95% of British imports from Asia, and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia. However, by this time Lodi's empire was already crumbling, and it was actually the Rajput Confederacy which was the strongest power of Northern India under the capable rule of Rana Sanga of Mewar. Certain cities also served as short-term, provincial capitals, as was the case with Aurangzeb's shift to Aurangabad in the Deccan. [34] The term gained currency during the 19th century, but remains disputed by Indologists. Describe the Mughal Empire (use SPICE-T characteristics): Describe the Ottoman Empire (use SPICE-T characteristics): . Thousands of Hindu temples and shrines were torn down and a punitive tax on Hindu subjects was re-imposed. This was larger than the entire urban population in Europe at the time, and even a century later in 1700, the urban population of England, Scotland and Wales did not exceed 13% of its total population,[142] while British India had an urban population that was under 13% of its total population in 1800 and 9% in 1881, a decline from the earlier Mughal era. By 1700, the GDP of India had risen to 24% of the world economy, the largest in the world, larger than both China (Qing era) and Western Europe. Jahan's selection of white marble and the overall concept and design of the mausoleum give the building great power and majesty. [170][171] Muzaffar Alam argues that the Mughals used Persian purposefully as the vehicle of an overarching Indo-Persian political culture, to unite their diverse empire. After the battle, the centre of Mughal power became Agra instead of Kabul. The following table gives population estimates for the Mughal Empire, compared to the total population of India, including the regions of modern Pakistan and Bangladesh, and compared to the world population: According to Irfan Habib Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire, which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time, with 15% of its population living in urban centres. One way he did this was by bestowing many more madad-i-ma'ash (tax-free personal land revenue grants given to religiously learned or spiritually worthy individuals) than Akbar had. [134] Historian C. A. Bayly wrote that it was probably the Mughal Empire's wealthiest province. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It may be considered a version of a volley gun. The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era. [92][94] The jurisdiction of the qadi was availed by Muslims and non-Muslims alike. This DBQ has been updated with a page outlining the English Language Arts/History/Social Studies grades 9-10 as outline at http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RH/9-10 and http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RH/11-12. By describing this potential threat to the emperor, the document hints at the potential for outsiders to take advantage of the political instability, as indeed the British merchants extended their economic influence into political control. 2Z+v' ?6/)`VHB7&C2Z0F0F5U="2P]BbEQw4QUr&a{g+> . Fatehpur Sikri was the new capital built by Akbar, as a part of his attempt to absorb other religions into Islam. Sake Dean Mahomed had learned much of Mughal chemistry and understood the techniques used to produce various alkali and soaps to produce shampoo. "The Mughals Strike Twice". Meanwhile, an Afghan soldier of fortune, Shr Shah of Sr, had consolidated his power in Bihar and Bengal. can earn you one point on both the DBQ and LEQ essays. The Mughal dynasty was notable for its more than two centuries of effective rule over much of India; for the ability of its rulers, who through seven generations maintained a record of unusual talent; and for its administrative organization. AP Human Geography: Political Organization of Space Notes, AP U.S. Government and Politics: SCOTUS Comparison, AP World History: Modern Sample Long Essay Question. stream Before the battle, Babur sought divine favour by abjuring liquor, breaking the wine vessels and pouring the wine down a well. 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