J. . Science 200, 403411. The Commission recommended ways to improve the potential biological removal estimate. 1719 N Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. HC wrote Question 3. By helping to maintain viable sea urchin populations, the sea otters are also allowing enough kelp to grow and act as a habitat for other organisms.Suppose that a bacterial infection swept across a sea otter population and killed most sea otters before they could reproduce. Natl. endobj 34, 275284. This research project has direct relevance for the Wildlife program of the Ecosystems Mission Area (ECO), which works with others to provide the scientific understanding and technologies needed to support the sound management and conservation of our Nation's biological resources. PLoS One 8:e82477. While Chads et al. Specifically, it appears they used intense local harvests of sea otters to manage local subsistence marine invertebrate food resources (Simenstad et al., 1978; Szpak et al., 2012; Salomon et al., 2015). While these two examples focus on the recolonization by sea otters of areas without fisheries conflicts, existing long-term monitoring programs, such as GWA, should guide the development of research questions that focus on the effects of recolonization on commercially viable prey species. Dis. Kenyon, K. W. (1969). A., Tinker, M. T., Johnson, A. What is causing the rapid loss of sea otters in Alaska? 4) A highly skilled and detail-oriented GIS Technician with a background in Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences and a passion for geospatial technology and data analysis. An important density-independent factor is primary production, which injects carbon and nutrients into the food web (see Question 3). In both the United States and Canada, sea otters are protected under federal laws including the United States Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, the United States Endangered Species Act of 1973, and Canadas Protection of Species at Risk signed in 2002. Bull. The goal of this article is to identify and address some of the key questions and challenges for future research and management that will contribute to the full recovery of sea otters to pre-exploitation levels, reoccupation of their historical range, and restoration of nearshore ecosystems. They are nocturnal mammals, which means they prefer to hunt and move around at night. 1.25 2.0 - 1.00 o o x a 0 Otters *, 0 5 Food .5- 0.75 LL. Predators help protect carbon stocks in blue carbon ecosystems. Fort Collins, CO: National Park Service. 3, BIOL111_Lesson_5_-_Homeostasis_Population_Graphs_CC, Dominic_Arnold_-_Homeostasis_Population_Graphs_CC, Lab 1 - Medication Levels in the Bloodstream.docx, Copy of English 12B Week 5 Guided notes (days 1-2).pdf, CHM 204 Structural Determination Practice Key, The stream or heavy setting of a spray bottle will reduce the risk of dispersing, ELAD 7003 Parental Involvment Narrative.docx, of angular momentum is used H 1 H 2 I O 1 m v 1 d I O 2 m v 2 d 1767 The, Compare Johnstone v State Bar of California 1966 64 Cal2d 153 155 156 49 CalRptr, Wk 5 - Transitional Care Application.docx, Copy of 2.04 Lending Investments and their associated Risk_Return.pdf, Carol shoots her father Carl with malice aforethought. (2013). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091235, Hatfield, B. If you ate 25 percent of your body weight daily, as otters do, how many quarter-pound hamburgers would you eat every day? Clim. Am. An official website of the United States government. These changes are influenced by the population density of sea otters and the time since reoccupation of an area. The sea otter spends most of its time in the water but, in some locations, comes ashore to sleep or rest. Van Wormer, E., Miller, M. A., Conrad, P. A., Grigg, M. E., Rejmanek, D., and Carpenter, T. E. (2014). California Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) Census Results, Spring 2019. Biol. Many of these challenges will require new tools including the next generation geolocation tag technology that will allow assessments of long-range movements, dispersal and gene flow in various populations. (1962). Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013) from Attu at the western tip of the Aleutians to a boundary drawn down the middle of lower Cook Inlet, approximately 2,500 linear km. Our goals were to provide a comprehensive picture of population trends and abundance estimates at dierent spatial scales and to estimate equilibrium densities of sea otter populations in Southeast Alaska, and how they vary over space, as a tool to help resource managers anticipate <> An analysis of sea otters and kelp forests. 5 0 obj U.S.A. 106, 22422247. Here, we give examples of the challenges in defining sea otter populations and the consequences of managing populations at an inappropriate scale. B., Ames, J. J. Arch. What would you hope to find out? 4 0 obj Kuluk Bay is on an open coast, so sea otters there are exposed to killer whales. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00167.x, Wolt, R. C., Gelwick, F. P., Weltz, F., and Davis, R. W. (2012). Sea otter population declines in the Aleutian archipelago. Ecosystems 17, 344359. San Nicolas Island is not shown because spatially explicit analyses were not conducted there. (2007). Examples of this type of strategy include conducting smaller spatial-scale surveys at more frequent intervals (Bodkin, 2015; Coletti et al., 2016), rather than large-scale surveys less frequently, where demographically distinct population trends could become confounding (Esslinger and Bodkin, 2009). Bodkin, J. L., Dean, T. A., Coletti, H. A., and Ballachey, B. E. (2016). Riedman, M. L., and Estes, J. 2), (2) the extent to which current density varies among locations, . 84, 5564. To achieve this, we will work with multiple collaborators to conduct a multi-disciplinary investigation of sea otter ecology, health and population biology. U.S.A. 100, 1222312228. J. Zool. A. /Width 500 The range-wide index of abundance (left vertical axis) is also shown for 2013. Accordingly, this project aims to understand the impact of multiple threats on sea otter abundance and trends, describe critical sea otter habitat needs, and determine the functional roles of sea otters in nearshore ecosystems. Genetic studies of sea otters provide evidence for major groupings, but no evidence of microgeographic structuring (see review in Scribner et al., 1997). What other animals might be considered keystone species? Zool. Approximately how much have sea otter populations increased from 1969-70 to today? Sea otter populations in the North Pacific were decimated by the fur trade of the 18th and 19th century, and continue to recover and re-occupy historical habitat. collected in 2010-2012, for sea otters in Southeast Alaska. Explain. (7) Recognizing sea otters as prey for the purposes of conservation and management in some circumstances: Sea otters are experiencing the top-down effects of higher-level predators in both California and the Aleutian Islands, which warrants consideration in sea otter management plans. The 2017 count declined somewhat, to 3,186 otters, but still exceeded the potential delisting threshold for a second straight year. NEW! Overview of Alaska sea otter ecology and recent research related to human-sea otter conflicts in Kachemak Bay and Southeast Alaska. 54. For example, the western Aleutian MU was derived from two remnant colonies and includes island groups separated by up to 100 km with few, widely dispersed hotspots making genetic exchange unlikely. Trend lines for the mainland (left vertical axis) are shown as 3-year running averages of independents (dashed green line) and total otters (solid blue line). The first is considered a census, where it is assumed that all animals in an area are counted, and precision is not usually estimated. 10, 100107. (2012) examined how different management actions (reducing poaching or reducing the sea otter population) would affect population dynamics and found that recovery targets for northern abalone (based on data collected during the period of sea otter absence) were not attainable even when modeled predation by sea otters and poaching of abalone by humans were reduced. Imagine that you are on a hunting ship long ago when there were many sea otters. The geographic range of sea otters has fluctuated over the last 300 years. /Type /ExtGState Sea otters are born swimmers with long, sleek, streamlined bodies with webbed feet. We pride ourselves on being a safe website for both teachers and students. Predator-specific landscapes of fear and resource distribution: effects on spatial range use. Additional resources (found in trunk) that can be used to supplement reading articles: 1. 2 0 obj A., Conrad, P. A., Staedler, M., Miller, M. A., et al. Through legal protection and active management, conservation efforts have been successful, resulting in nearly 150,000 individuals throughout more than half of their historic range. Official websites use .gov The risk of eagle predation appears to have had behavioral effects on female sea otters, which tend to forage at night and employ other behaviors indicative of heightened vigilance when accompanied by newborn pups (Gelatt, 1996; Cortez et al., 2016). 13, 13781385. A., and Jameson, R. J. doi: 10.3354/esr00327, Hattori, K., Kawabe, I., Mizuno, A. W., and Ohtaishi, N. (2005). However, genetic variability is highest in the Southeast Alaska population, which was created by translocations from two widely separated source populations including Prince William Sound and Amchitka Island (Jameson et al., 1982; Larson et al., 2002a). Foraging behavior and prey of sea otters in a soft- and mixed-sediment benthos in Alaska. Estes, J. Director, Western Ecological Research CenterU.S. As a result, surveys became logistically challenging and increasingly expensive, employing aircraft in some cases, with costs rising to hundreds of thousands of dollars. 389, 8596. 81, 215239. Sea otters have forepaws, which can rub, twist, and pull. Two sea otter subspecies occur in the United States, the southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) and thenorthern sea otter(E.l. kenyoni). Explain. 10, 409415. For the time being, Elkhorn Slough is our best example in California of sea otters using estuarine habitats which have different environmental factors than say, kelp forests and other habitats along the coast. (2004). Calif. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.03.002. Before commercial hunting began in the mid-1700s, an estimated 150,000 to 300,000 sea otters occurred in coastal waters throughout the North Pacific Ocean. The sea otter population in Southeast Alaska has grown extensively since the translocation of just over 400 sea otters to 6 locations in the late 1960s. A lock ( SOP for Sampling of Intertidal Invertebrates and Algae on Sheltered Rocky Shores - Version 4.6: Southwest Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network. Sea otters now are established (with significant gaps) from northern Japan to southern California. The Sea Otter in the Eastern Pacific Ocean North American Fauna. At the largest, the range spanned the entire northern Pacific Rim from Southern California to areas of Japan. Disease, parasites and predation were identified as possible factors (Miller et al., 2002, 2004; Kreuder et al., 2003; Conrad et al., 2005a,b, Johnson et al., 2009), but it appeared unlikely that these factors fully explained the populations slow growth. Female sea otters coo when they are content, while males tend to grunt. Both conservation and management will benefit from a multi-faceted approach to monitoring not only sea otters, but also the nearshore ecosystems they occupy. Population reconstructions that (a) excluded natural immigration and surrogate-releases, (b) excluded releases but . A key indicator of recovery of the population is its ability to expand its range along the California Coast. (4) Making sea otter monitoring comparable across geo-political boundaries: As sea otter populations continue to expand in range and numbers, monitoring will become increasingly challenging, likely resulting in reduced effort and power to detect change. Animating the carbon cycle. The authors recognize the support they have received from their respective institutions and numerous colleagues and students over many years, which made this article possible. Currently, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service identifies the Southwest Alaska sea otter stock as a single Distinct Population Segment (DPS, U.S. Mortality from shark attacks of otters has been more frequent at the northern and southern extremes of populations range and may be a factor in preventing or slowing range expansion of the population into seemingly suitable habitats. Foraging data were collected on a total of 2,675 foraging dives in 167 foraging bouts, and the majority of identified prey on successful dives (n=1,335) were sea urchins (940) followed by snails (240) and crabs (78). Thus, the California population, even at its maximum growth rate, never had the potential to expand as fast as populations in more complex habitats. Between the late 1970s and early 1990s, the sea otter population range was limited to the outer coast of Washington between Makah Bay and Destruction When otters disappear, the urchin population explodes and quickly "deforests" the . To accomplish this, we have forged partnerships with scientific collaborators from the Federal, State and private sector, to produce high-quality scientific information on the role of various stressors in limiting sea otter abundance, and to ensure this information's relevance and application to current conservation problems. Complete the Kelp Population Graph (Graph #1) and answer the questions below. Choice D is the best answer. Variation in abundance of Pacific Blue Mussel (Mytilus trossulus) in the Northern Gulf of Alaska, 20062015. (2009). Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Carswell, L. P., Speckman, S. G., and Gill, V. A. Causes of mortality in California sea otters during periods of population growth and decline. These are challenging goals, but with well-articulated uncertainties, the results could be useful to managers in anticipating and planning for sea otters effects on the abundance of commercially or recreationally targeted species of shellfish. doi: 10.1002/ecy.2120, Williams, T. M., Estes, J. After 12 weeks of being fed and groomed, a pup is considered a juvenile, Behavioral Traits and Conservation Status. Change 5, 10381045. 83, 893906. D.somewhat misleading, because it does not make it clear that the southern sea otter population trends varied throughout the range. Sea otters reestablished in British Columbia. Because of their well-documented effects on nearshore communities, broadly monitoring the littoral community along with sea otters provides information on the status of the ecosystem (Coletti et al., 2016). Because the proportion of mussels in sea otters diet at KEFJ was correlated with large mussel abundance, reduced mussel abundance could have a significant effect on sea otter carrying capacity where they are important prey. Indirect effects of sea otters on rockfish (Sebastes spp.) Protocol Narrative for Nearshore Marine Ecosystem Monitoring in the Gulf of Alaska: Version 1.1. Continuing sea otter population declines in the Aleutian archipelago. doi: 10.2307/3672835, Reidy, R. D., and Cox, S. P. (2013). The most direct effect of humans on sea otter population density was the fur trade, the legacy of which is still apparent today in large areas of unoccupied habitat (Figure 2). A., and Levin, S. A. The population has grown by about 10 percent per year over the past decade and contained about 100 otters in 2019. Lia Rudisill - 1 extracted Homeostasis Population Graphs CC.pdf - Name: Period: Kelp Population Trends Graph the data provided on the left to Lia Rudisill - 1 extracted Homeostasis Population Graphs CC.pdf School Watseka Comm High School Course Title HIST2340 2430 Uploaded By JudgeArmadillo241 Pages 5 Ratings 92% (12) Sea otters have a high metabolism. Estes, J. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge. End of preview. In addition to abundance, trends, distribution, and forage energy intake across seasons and years, these replicated surveys provide information on the precision of data achieved by quarterly survey effort. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the United States Government. U.S.A. 94, 1453014535. Write a letter explaining why an organization should give you money for your work. This is an interactive unit study to reinforce Middle through High School Math, Algebra, Geometry, Math and Cooking principles in an engaging, real life format. 17, 632647. Ecology 96, 28772890. (1986). However, these land-based predators likely are not having significant population-level effects. Their fur contains up to 1,000,000 hair follicles per square inch. A. rents. The USGS range-wide sea otter census has been undertaken each year since 1982, using consistent methodology involving both ground . The GIS shapefile Range extent of southern sea otters 2019.shp is a simple polyline representing the geographic distribution of the southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) in mainland California, based on data collected during the spring 2019 range-wide census. Monson, D. H. (2009). Mar. 56, 701703. Detecting and inferring cause of change in an Alaska nearshore marine ecosystem. Gagne, R. B., Tinker, M. T., Gustafson, K. D., Ralls, K., Larson, S., Tarjan, L. M., et al. From those sites, we may be able to extrapolate throughout the sea otters range. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065435, Springer, A. M., Estes, J. doi: 10.1242/jeb.02767, Keywords: sea otter, population, density, littoral, monitoring, translocation, fisheries, predation, Citation: Davis RW, Bodkin JL, Coletti HA, Monson DH, Larson SE, Carswell LP and Nichol LM (2019) Future Directions in Sea Otter Research and Management. Built with all over the world Copyright 19992023This site uses cookies to improve your experience. 9:1289. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01289, Ballachey, B. E., Bodkin, J. L., and DeGange, A. R. (1994). 111 , .. . In the following, we recommend avenues for future research on sea otters in relation to fisheries, threatened or endangered species, climate change, ecotourism, and non-market valuation to inform the analyses that guide environmental policy and management. B., and Kolbe, J. J. Along the California Coast from north of Monterey, South to Point Conception. doi: 10.1126/science.185.4156.1058, Estes, J. One of the primary threats to the southern sea otter is the risk of an oil spill. Wildl. Evaluation of radio transmitter attachments for sea otters. Foraging efforts of more than 10 h day-1 (>40% of daily activity budget) may indicate that a population is approaching an equilibrium density, although it depends on the productivity and prey availability of the habitat. The FWS published anotice of availability of the revised stock assessment report on 28 August 2017, in which it addressed the comments submitted by the Commission and others. Otters during periods of population growth and decline Mytilus trossulus ) in the water but, some... Version 1.1 to expand its range along the California Coast from North of Monterey, South to Point Conception spanned..., J. L., and Cox, S. P. ( 2013 ) fear resource... 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