Unterberg AW, Stover J, Kress B, Kiening KL. Ionized magnesium (Mg2+) is . The result revealed that in group I the mean pre-post treatment score of phlebitis were 3.36 and 0.120 respectively and the pre-test and post-test scores of standard deviation were 0.757 and 0.332 respectively and rank 6.80 and 1.98 respectively. Maximum 39 (78%) were married and majority cant read and write. Under certain pathological conditions, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), cerebral ischemia and acute hypertension, thebrain edema, which is initially cytotoxic, acquires a vasogenic character in the following stages. along the nein and swelling. This finding is supported by a study done in Kathmandu by singh [7] where they found that the administration of IV antibiotics substantially increase the risk of phlebitis. Cellular Elements of the Blood-Brain Barrier. A small gender difference was observed in the participants in the present study with the findings of 48% in male and 52% in females from both groups. Experimental studies focusing on the treatment of brain edema showed beneficial effects of magnesium administered in combination with various pharmacological drugs in animal models (Royo et al., 2003; Sen and Gulati, 2010). Lee MS, Wu YS, Yang DY, Lee JB, Cheng FC. Further studies are necessary to increase our understanding of the effects of deficiency or supplementation of magnesium on the functional and structural characteristics of the BBB during hydrocephalus in both animal and human studies. Vink R, Cernak I. Edema in foot and ankle. Ghabriel MN, Thomas A, Vink R. Magnesium restores altered aquaporin-4 immunoreactivity following traumatic brain injury to a pre-injury state. Comment all you like here! Table 6. Bara M, Guiet-Bara A. Potassium, magnesium and membranes. Belfort M, Allred J, Dildy G. Magnesium sulfate decreases cerebral perfusion pressure in preeclampsia. Types of illness, days of hospital stay, cannula insertion site, size of cannula and frequency of insertion shows no statistical significance so both groups are homogenously significant with P-value of (0.05). Glycerin, also called glycerol, can be used for both cosmetic purposes and as a treatment for medical conditions of the skin. An equal number of participants were taken having medical and surgical problems. Magnesium and aging. Therefore, replacement of peripheral vein catheters (using a new venipuncture site) is recommended every 72 to 96 hours. Cover it well with crepe bandage, you can cover this by stockings, Avoid static isometric activities eg. So from study finding, it is supposed that gender has no significant role in phlebitis. Another similar study to find effectiveness of Magnesium sulphate crystal fomentation versus paste application for phlebitis in Regional Advanced Care Center, Mangalore reported that Glycerin magnesium sulphate paste was more effective compared to magnesium sulphate crystal fomentation in reducing swelling and induration [27]. A study conducted in India by Saini [23] found grade 2 or mild phlebitis (46%) higher than grade 3 or moderated (44%) phlebitis. [. Out of 100 hospitalized patients at any given time, 7 in developed and 10 in developing countries will acquire at least one health care-associated infection [6]. The present study demonstrates that there is a statistically significant difference in VIP score among the participants in magnesium sulphate with glycerin group and heparinoid ointment groups after each intervention (P < 0.05). The average score has been reduced on post-test score in both groups. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is composed mainly of brain capillary endothelial cells and represents a dynamic structure that regulates the trafficking of molecules between blood and brain tissue. In the normally functioning BBB, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nicotine, ethanol, lipid-soluble substances such as heroin, and amphiphilic drugs (containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties) are carried by this route. Patients who were not willing to participate and were under cytitoxic drugs were excluded in research. Majority of 148% and 44% in MSG group and HPA group respectively cant read and write. Maier JA, Bernardini D, Rayssiguier Y, Mazur A. Results: The study findings revealed significantly reduction of phlebitis score after 48 hours of treatment with both interventions. to be significant. The passage of many circulating substances from the capillary bed into the brain parenchyma is tightly controlled by physical and enzymatic barriers provided by the endothelial cells of capillaries in the brain parenchyma (Abbott et al., 2010; Cardoso et al., 2010). Meanwhile, in a double- blinded trial conducted to check the validity of animal data in humans, and to explore whether magnesium infusion initiated within 8 hours of major head injury and continued for 5 days would decrease mortality and improve the functional outcome in head-injured patients, it was reported that there was no clinical suggestion of a beneficial effect of the magnesium regimen in these patients (Temkin et al., 2007). Magsulf Ointment is used for treating inflammation and acne. Magnesium supplementation is one of the experimental methods and pharmacological approaches developed for the treatment of BBB disruption and brain edema caused by septic encephalopathy. Feldman Z, Gurevitch B, Artru AA, Oppenheim A, Shohami E, Reichenthal E, Shapira Y. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Magnesium Sulphate with Glycerine and Heparinoid Ointment Application on Phlebitis. MAGNOCARE Wet Pads composed of Magnesium Sulfate. It's a chemical compound made up of magnesium, sulfur, and oxygen. Address all inquiries to the Director at the above address. Touyz RM. Papadopoulos MC, Verkman AS. All absorbent dressings maintain moist wound environment but dressings like hydrogel and glycerin magnesium sulphate provide direct moisture to the wound. Peripheral magnesium sulfate enters the brain and increases the threshold for hippocampal seizures in rats. Table 5. Chaon A, Lisott E, Eblen-Zajjur A. Magnesium sulphate reduces cell volume in physiological conditions but not in the cytotoxic oedema during global brain ischemia. Place the paste on a . A study conducted by Cicoloni33 also found first degree thrombophlebitis to be the highest (84.4%). Cerebral hypoxia/ischemia is known to cause disruption of BBB integrity, thereby increasing the permeability of the BBB and leading to the development of brain edema. Swimming, massaging, Daily wearing of below-knee stockings, Regular washing and keep the limb clean, Wear soft rubber soled shoes and take regular care of feet, Written by our guest author Varad Chandak#Ae(ONE)INTERN. Magnesium sulphate paste better known as Epsom salts is a popular but old-fashioned remedy for infections of the skin. Frequent monitoring of cannula site, early identification of cannula induced phlebitis and prompt intervention is essential for treatment and prevention of further complication. Weglicki WB, Phillips TM, Mak IT, Cassidy MM, Dickens BF, Stafford R, Kramer JH. Susanna, Sr. Winnifred D'Souza(2014), Malarvizhi, to identify the effectiveness of fresh aloevera and glycerin magnesium sulphate application on phlebitis among children.. Effectiveness of Magnesium Sulphate with Glycerin and Heparinoid Ointment Application on Phlebitis. Accumulated data from animal models indicates that administration of magnesium salts into the circulation or extracellular brain compartments can provide an effective therapy for TBI (Vink and Cernak, 2000; Saatman et al., 2001; Hoane, 2007) by improving BBB integrity and decreasing brain edema (Esen et al., 2003). It is estimated that 150 million peripheral intravenous devices are placed each year in North America alone [5]. It is beneficial in improving the texture and pigmentation of hair growth. The observation that blockade of NMDA or AMPA receptors could attenuate BBB disruption in focal cerebral ischemia suggest that ionotropic glutamate receptors are involved, at least partly, in BBB disruption (Liu et al., 2010). They are primarily used for therapeutic purposes such as administration of medications, fluids and/or blood products as well as blood sampling. There was homogenous distribution of age, gender, marital status and education in both experimental groups with significance p-value of 0.663, 0.258, 0.3006 and 0.978 respectively. In animal models, magnesium treatment has been shown to contribute to the protection of the BBB during eclampsia, to decrease the increased BBB permeability, and to prevent the development of brain edema in certain experimental settings, including acute hypertension and hypoglycemia- induced seizures (Kaya et al., 2001 and 2004; Euser et al., 2008). There is at present only limited knowledge about the role of magnesium on BBB integrity and brain edema in hypoxia/ischemia and future research is needed to determine the possible mechanisms of magnesium supplement- ation in improving the functions of BBB. Surprisingly 47 years was the mean age of respondents in both groups. The above-mentioned beneficial effects of magnesium on BBB integrity may be related to its ability to scavenge free radicals. Gauze dressings dry out early and needs change 2-3 times in a day. While commercial manufacturers remove the glycerin for its uses in more profitable expensive lotions and creams, handcrafted soap generally retains glycerin in them. The finding of the study is consistent with others studies. Decits in brain-CSF magnesium result in cerebrovasospasm and rupture of cerebral microvessels: Possible relation to stroke. Rayssiguier Y, Libako P, Nowacki W, Rock E. Magnesium deficiency and metabolic syndrome: stress and inflammation may reflect calcium activation. Dysfunctional cell-cell signaling in the neurovascular unit as a paradigm for central nervous system disease. Regarding effectiveness, there was a statistically significant difference in phlebitis score in both experimental groups after comparison baseline within 8, 16, 32, 40, 48 hours of administration of intervention (P = 0.05). This finding of the study is being supported by the study conducted Yamber [13] on 30 ICU patients in Karnataka, which showed the difference between pre and post score was found to be significant. Matsui T, Kobayashi H, Hirai S, Kawachi H, Yano H. Magnesium deficiency stimulated mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-a in skeletal muscle of rats. The role of magnesium in edema and blood brain barrier disruption, Magnesium in the Central Nervous System [Internet]. Aquaporin-4 gene disruption in mice reduces brain swelling and mortality in pneumococcal meningitis. A single dose of ethanol (2 g/kg) injected to mice significantly decreased total Mg2+ concentration in serum (Papierkowski et al., 1998). Effectiveness of Magnesium Sulphate with Glycerin Dressing versus Heparinoid Ointment Application on Management of Phlebitis among Patients Admitted in Selected Wards of BPKIHS. assigned to glycerine magnesium sulphate and heparin group. Altura BM, Gebrewold A, Huang QF, Altura BT. 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